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PLATING AND FINISHES

The following finishes and plating descriptions are typical definitions as required by vendors.  Often Mil, AMS and other controlled specifications are not required as commercial adequate processes are available through all vendors.  Consult with your vendor on your particular design requirement and needs.

Mil-A-8625F, Anodize, (Aluminum)

The color of the finished anodized product can vary in color.  The AAC Color Standards detail the specific testing procedures for anodic coating thickness, coating density and seal integrity. These properties can be checked by the appropriate ASTM B244, ASTM B137, ASTM B680, ISO 2360, or ISO 3210.  The following are similar or carried under Mil-A-8625F.

AMS-2468E Hard coat 0.002".

AMS-2469D Hard coat 0.002".

AMS-2470H Chromic acid process.

AMS-2471D Sulfuric acid process - no dye coating.

AMS-2472C

AMS-2482A Hard coat 0.002" with Teflon.

Mil-C-13924C, Black Oxide Coating,
(Steel, Stainless Steel)

A black oxide finish offers a combination of properties that cannot be provided any other way. This conversion coating does not change the dimensional, physical or mechanical properties of the surface treated. The finish is inexpensive and easy to apply. It has an excellent appearance and is abrasion resistant. A uniform black coating for ferrous metals. Mostly a decorative coating. Only very limited corrosion protection under mild corrosion conditions.

Black oxide coatings should normally be given a supplementary treatment (i.e. oil displacement per Mil - C-16173 Grade 3 or protective treatments of Mil-C-16173).

No dimensional change effected.  For moving parts which cannot tolerate the dimensional change of a more corrosion resistant finish. For decorative applications and may also be used to decrease light reflection.

Class 1 Alkaline Oxidizing. For wrought iron, cast and malleable irons, plain carbon, and low alloy steels. For corrosion resistance steel alloys which are tempered at 900ºF (482ºC) or higher.

Class 3 Fused salt oxidizing.

Class 4 Alkaline Oxidizing. For 300 series corrosion resistant steel alloys only.

Mill-C-5541E, Chemical Films, Iridite, (Aluminum)

Chemical Film  coatings are gelatinous films which provide some sort of a barrier medium to retard corrosion on aluminum surfaces and enhance adhesion of subsequent coatings such as paints and primers. Color can vary from colorless to golden - iridescent - brown.  Materials conform to Mil-C-81706. Coatings shall be continuous free from powdery areas, breaks, scratches, etc.  Sometimes called yellow iridite

No dimensional change are effected with Iridite finishes.

Class 1A is used as a corrosion preventative film (unpainted) or to improve adhesion of paint finish systems.

Class 3 is used as a corrosion preventive film for electrical and electronic applications, where low resistance contacts are required.

Mil-F-495E, Chemical Finish; Black, (Copper)

A uniform black corrosion retarding coating for copper & copper alloys. Coating has no abrasion resistance. Used to impart black color to and for gloss reduction purposes on copper alloy surfaces other than food service and water supply items. Also as a base for subsequent coatings such as lacquer, varnish, oil, and wax. 

No dimensional change are effected with Chemical Finish finishes.

QQ-C-320B, Chrome, (Steel)

Excellent hardness (Rc 68-74), wear resistance and erosion resistance. Has low coefficient of friction, and is resistant to heat. In addition to above properties, can be rendered porous for lubrication purposes.

Type I Bright

Type II Satin

Class 1 .00001" min. chrome on all visible surfaces. Corrosion protection finish or the "Decorative" finish used in a conjunction with copper and nickel as under coatings prior to the chrome finish.

Class 2 Thickness should be specified on requirements documents. Plate directly on base metal.

Class 2a: Plated to specified dimensions or processed to specified dimensions after plating. 

Class 2b: Parts below Rc 40 and subject to static loads or designed for limited life under dynamic loads. 

Class 2c: Parts below Rc 40 and designed for unlimited life under dynamic loads. 

Class 2d: Parts have hardness of Rc 40 or above and subject to static loads or designed for limited life under dynamic loads. 

Class 2e: Parts have hardness of Rc 40 or above and are designed for unlimited life under dynamic loads. 

Mil-A-8625, Chromic Anodize, (Aluminum)

Anodizing is a conversion of the aluminum surface to practically pure aluminum oxide: the anodic coating.  Type  II is of particular interest to the designer wishing for both the virtues of form and function. This anodic coating is significantly more abrasion and corrosion resistant then the untreated metal. The coating thickness is a combination of both penetration and build-up, in approximately a 50-50 ratio. This coating may be subsequently dyed in a variety of colors, imparting a very decorative finish both in a satin and a polished surface result. Color will vary from light gray to dark gray depending on alloy. Not as readily dyed as sulfuric anodize.

AMS 2472C listed as similar to this specification.

Type 1 & Type 1B coatings:

Class 1 200 Milligrams/sq.ft.

Because of thin deposit that will scratch easily. Can be used for inspection of aluminum forgings or castings by noting evidence of chromic acid bleed out from laps, cracks, seams, etc.

Typical thickness specified  0.00001"- 0.0007"

Type I Conventional coating produced from chromic acid bath. Unless otherwise specified, coating will be sealed. Metal salt sealants should not be used on items that will be painted.

Type 1 Low voltage chromic acid anodizing 22V.

Class 1 Non-dyed (Natural, boiling D.I. water sealing).

Class 2 Dyed.

Shall not be applied to aluminum alloys with over 5.0% copper, 7.0% silicon, or total alloying constituents over 7.5%. When copper content is less than 4.6% and for all suitable casting alloys be sure aluminum is tempered (such as -T4 or T6)

Mil-C-14550B, Copper, (Under Coat)

Copper in color and matte to a very shiny finish. Good corrosion resistance when used as undercoat. A number of copper processes are available, each designed for a specific purpose:

Brightness (to eliminate the need for buffing)

High speed: (for electroforming)

Fine grain: (to prevent casehardening) Spec. Thickness

Class 00  .001 - .005

Class 1   .001 minimum thickness.

Class 2   .0005 minimum thickness.  Typically used as an undercoat for nickel and other platings.

 Class 3  .0002 minimum thickness. To prevent basis metal migration into tin (prevents poisoning solderability).

Class 40  .0001"To prevent basis metal migration into tin (prevents poisoning solderability).

AMS-2404C, AMS-2505B, AMS-2433B,
Electroless Nickel (Aluminum, Steel)

Similar to stainless steel in color. Plates uniformly in recesses and cavities (does not build up on edges) sometimes called "Dog-boning". Corrosion resistance is good for coatings over .001" thickness. Electroless nickel is used extensively in salvage of mismachined parts. Also, for inside dimensions and irregular shapes (where assembly tolerances need uniformity provided by electroless process). Coatings typically used to provide a hard-ductile, wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant surface for operation in service temperatures up to 1000°F (538°C).  Previously Mil-C-26074 was the industry specification.

Please note: The following is per. Mil-C-26074.  This specification has been cancelled but, is still used in industry.

Class 1 As coated

Class 2  Steel and other base metals heat treatable to improve hardness.

Class 3  Aluminum and other base metals not heat treatable

Class 4  Aluminum alloy, heat treatable, processed to improve adhesion of the nickel deposit

Grade A  .0010" min. Aluminum alloys will be grade A.

Grade B  .0005" min.Cu, Ni, Co alloys will be grade B.

Grade C  .0015" min. Ferrous alloys will be grade C.

Electroless Nickel - AMS-2404D / AMS-2405B

These AMS specs are similar. Ams- 2404D does not specify the phosphorous content while the

AMS - 2405B says "P" to be 8% max. No specific hardness numbers defined by these two specs on the EN deposit.

AMS-2404D Thickness as specified on drawing.  Note: Unless a specific class is specified,

Class 1 shall be supplied.

Class 1 Except for hydrogen embrittlement relief, no postplating thermal treatment.

Class 2 Thermal treatment at 450° F (232° C) or above to harden the deposit.

Class 3 Thermal treatment at 375° F (191° C) to verify adhesion for non-heat treatable aluminum and beryllium alloys.

Class 4 Thermal treatment at 250° F (121° C) to verify adhesion for non-heat treatable aluminum alloys.

Electropolishing, (Stainless Steel)

Process electrolytically removes or diminishes scratches, burrs and unwanted sharp edges from most 300 and 400 series stainless steel alloys.  Finishes from satin to mirror-bright are produced by controlling time, temperature, or both.  Check with finishing vendor for typical in house process and actual results.

(No MilSpec) Typical material removal: 0.0001 - 0.0004" .

MIL-G-45204C, (GOLD)

Gold is by far the most popular plating metal.  Functional, practical, effective. Superior corrosion resistance, spectacular aesthetics. Yellow to orange color depending on proprietary process used. Will range from matte to bright finish depending on basis metal. Good corrosion resistance, and has high tarnish resistance. Provides a low contact resistance, and is a good conductor. Has excellent solderability. Unless otherwise specified, an intermediate nickel plate is required on copper base alloys or copper plated surfaces prior to the gold plating.

Type I   9.7% gold min.

Type II   9.0% gold min.

Type III  99.9% gold min.

Class 00 .00002" min.Grade A 90 Knoop max.

Class 0   .00003" min.Grade B 91-129 Knoop

Class 1  .00005" min.Grade C 130 - 200 Knoop

Class 2  .00010" min.Grade D above 200 Knoop

Class 3  .00020" min.

Class 4  .00030" min. Type I (Grades A, B or C)

Class 5  .00050" min. Type II (Grade B, C or D)

Class 6  .00150" min.Type III (Grade A only)

Mil-A-8625F,
(Aluminum, Copper, Steel, Stainless steel, Titanium, Chromium, Nickel)

Hard anodizing is a term used to describe anodic coatings with surface hardness and/or abrasion resistance as their primary characteristic. Great for surface to surface sliding with low loads The color of the natural anodic coating depends on the alloy and the coating thickness. e.g. 6061 has a tan or gray color which darkens to almost black at .003"; 6063 has an amber shade which darkens to bronze. Both are considered clear.  After hard anodizing  surfaces may be sealed in boiling distilled water, sodium dichromate solution, dewatering oil, wax or PTFE solutions

Class 1: Not dyed or pigmented. 

Class 2: Dyed. (Specify color on Drawing).
Hard anodic oxide coatings find application in the engineering industry for components which require a very wear resistant surface. " Flash" hard anodize may be used instead of conventional anodize for corrosion resistance

QQ-A-290A, Nickel

Nickel can be deposited soft or hard - dull or bright, hardness can range from 150 - 500 Vickers. Can be similar to stainless steel in color, or can be a dull gray or light gray (almost white) color. Corrosion resistance is a function of thickness. Has a low coefficient of thermal expansion, and is magnetic.

Class 1 For corrosion protection. With typical 0.0002" copper undercoating prior to the nickel plate.

Grade A  .0016" min.

Grade B  .0012" min.

Grade C  .0010" min.

Grade D  .0008" min.

Grade E  .0006" min.

Grade F  .0004" min.

Grade G  .0002" min.

Class 2  .002" min.

QQ-A-35C, Passivate,
(Stainless, Steel - corrosion resistant)

 A process designed to remove foreign metals from the surface of stainless and corrosion resistant steels of the 200, 300 and 400 series and precipitation hardened corrosion-resistance steels. Does not change the appearance of the base metal. Process purifies surface and therefore improves corrosion resistance.

Type II Medium temperature with sodium dichrominate.

Type VI Low temperature

Type VII Medium temperature

Type VIII Medium temperature with high concentration of nitric acid. High resistance to corrosive environments.

TT-C-490, Light Phosphate Coating

These coating provides for increased surface adhesion for painting.

Type I - Intended as a general all purpose pretreatment prior to painting

Typical  .0002"-  .0005"  Light coating for use as paint base.

Method I   Mechanical or abrasive cleaning

Method III  Hot alkaline.

Method V alkaline derusting.

DOD-P-16232-F, Heavy Phosphate Coating

A coating for medium and low alloy steels. Gray to black in color. Intended uses:
The "heavy" phosphate coatings covered by this specification are intended as a base for holding/retaining supplemental coatings which provide the major portion of the corrosion resistance.

Heavy Type Z can be used up to 200º F, to prevent galling in extrusion and deep drawing.

Class 2 is good for corrosion resistance. 

Note: This specification lists a type M also

 

Type Z   .0002" Zinc phosphate base coating

Class 1   .0005" Supplementary preservative treatment or coating, as specified.

Class 2  Supplementary treatment with preservative conforming to MIL-C-16173, Grade 3 or MIL-L-3150  as alternate for very small parts.

Class 3  No supplementary treatment.

Class 4  Chemically converted.

Mil-R-46085B, Rhodium

Metallic and similar to stainless steel in color. Excellent corrosion resistance. Almost as hard as chromium. Very good abrasion resistance. Thicker coatings are very brittle. Has high reflectivity.  Used on silver for tarnish resistance. Applications range from electronics to nose cones-wherever wear, corrosion resistance, solderability, and reflectivity are important.

Type I  Over nickel, silver, gold, or platinum.

Type II  Over other metals, (requires nickel undercoat).

Class 1   .000002" min.

Class 2   .00001" min.

Class 3   .00002" min.

Class 4   .00010" min.

Class 5   .00025" min.

QQ-S-365D, Silver

White  to very bright in appearance. Good corrosion resistance, depending on base metal. Will tarnish easily. Hardness varies from about 90 Brinnell to about 135 Brinnell depending on process and plating conditions. Solderability is excellent, but decreases with age. Best electrical conductor.

0.0005" min. unless otherwise specified Increasing use in both decorative and engineering fields, including electrical and electronic fields.

Type I:  Matte.

Type II: Semi-bright.

Type III: Bright.

Grade A: Chromate post-treatment to improve tarnish resistance.

Grade B: No supplementary treatment.

Mil-A-8625C, Sulfuric Anodize, (Aluminum)

Color will vary with alloy. Aluminum with low alloying elements will show practically no color change. Best coating on aluminum for dyeing. Can be dyed practically any color or shade (black, blue, red, gold, orange, green etc.) Resistant to salt environments.

(5% NaCI solution) per method B-117 of ASTM. Minimum weight for type II coatings: Class 1 is 1,000 Milligrams/sq.ft.

Type II All aluminum alloys, but do not use where solution can be entrapped.

Type II B Light coating

Class 1 Non-dyed

Class 2 Dyed

Mil-T-10727C, Tin

Tin plating intended for engineering purposes is used for corrosion protection, to facilitate soldering, to improve antigalling characteristics, and as a stop-off barrier in the nitriding of high-strength steels.  Copper alloys containing more than 5% Zn shall have a copper undercoating of at least 0.0001" or nickel undercoating of at least 0.000050".

Type I  Electrodeposited. Reference ASTM B-545  Standard Specification for Electro-deposited Coatings of Tin

Type II  Hot-Dipped

Mil-T-81728A, Tin Lead

 Either a satin or bright luster is acceptable. Has excellent solderability. 0.0002" copper plate generally required on copper base alloys. No undercoating required on steel substrates unless otherwise specified.

Typical specified thickness: .0002"-.0008"

ASTM-B633, Zinc

Either a bright or dull finish is acceptable. Bright zinc plating closely resembles bright chromium. However, bright zinc does not have the permanence of surface appearance. Zinc coated steel will not rust even when exposed by scratches because of the galvanic protection of the zinc. On weathering, zinc turns to a drab gray color. Zinc should be deposited directly on the base metal (Nickel is permissible undercoat if base metal is a corrosion resisting steel).

The primary use of chromate finishes on zinc is to retard or prevent formation of white corrosion products on zinc surfaces. The primary purpose of phosphate coating on zinc is to provide a paint base.

Type I Without supplementary treatment.

Type II With supplementary chromate treatment.

Type III With supplementary colorless chromate treatment.

Type IV With phosphate conversion treatment.


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Galvanic Capatability (Corrosion)(Dissimilar Metal Corrosion)

Quality engineering and design requires an understanding of material compatibility. Galvanic corrosion (some times called dissimilar metal corrosion) is the process by which the materials in contact with each other oxidizes or corrodes. There are three conditions that must exist for galvanic corrosion to occur. First there must be two electrochemically dissimilar metals present. Second, there must be an electrically conductive path between the two metals. And third, there must be a conductive path for the metal ions to move from the more anodic metal to the more cathodic metal. If any one of these three conditions does not exist, galvanic corrosion will not occur.  Often when design requires that dissimilar metals come in contact, the galvanic compatibility is managed by finishes and plating.  The finishing and plating selected facilitate the dissimilar materials being in contact and protect the base materials from corrosion.

For harsh environments, such as outdoors,  high humidity, and salt environments fall into this category. Typically there should be not more than 0.15 V difference in the "Anodic Index". For example; gold – silver would have a difference of 0.15V being acceptable.

For normal environments, such as storage in warehouses or non-temperature and humidity controlled environments. Typically there should not be more than 0.25 V difference in the "Anodic Index".

For controlled environments, such that are temperature and humidity controlled, 0.50 V can be tolerated. Caution should be maintained when deciding for this application as humidity and temperature do vary from regions


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METALLURGICAL CATEGORY

ANODIC INDEX (V)

Gold, solid and plated, Gold-platinum alloy

0.00

Rhodium plated on silver-plated copper

0.05

Silver, solid or plated; monel metal. High nickel-copper alloys

0.15

Nickel, solid or plated, titanium an s alloys, Monel

0.30

Copper, solid or plated; low brasses or bronzes; silver solder; German silvery high copper-nickel alloys; nickel-chromium alloys

0.35

Brass and bronzes

0.40

High brasses and bronzes

0.45

18% chromium type corrosion-resistant steels

0.50

Chromium plated; tin plated; 12% chromium type corrosion-resistant steels

0.60

Tin-plate; tin-lead solder

0.65

Lead, solid or plated; high lead alloys

0.70

Aluminum, wrought alloys of the 2000 Series

0.75

Iron, wrought, gray or malleable, plain carbon and low alloy steels

0.85

Aluminum, wrought alloys other than 2000 Series aluminum, cast alloys of the silicon type

0.90

Aluminum, cast alloys other than silicon type, cadmium, plated and chromate

0.95

Hot-dip-zinc plate; galvanized steel

1.20

Zinc, wrought; zinc-base die-casting alloys; zinc plated

1.25

Magnesium & magnesium-base alloys, cast or wrought

1.75

Beryllium

1.85
Also see http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Aircraft/galvseri-compat.htm
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Ansi_Screws [Standard,Hardware]

BASIC DIA.Head Dia.Head HeightHead RadiusRecess Dia.Recess Width
NO.00.1160.0390.0200.0670.013
NO.10.1420.0460.0250.0740.014
NO.20.1670.0530.0350.1040.017
NO.30.1930.0600.0370.1120.019
NO.40.2190.0680.0420.1220.019
NO.50.2450.0750.0440.1580.028
NO.60.2700.0820.0460.1660.028
NO.80.3220.0960.0520.1820.030
NO.100.3730.1100.0610.1990.031
NO.120.4250.1250.0780.2590.034
.250.4920.1440.0870.2810.036
.31250.6150.1780.0990.3500.059
0.3750.7400.2120.1430.3890.065
.43750.8630.2470.1530.4130.068
.50.9870.2810.1750.4350.071
.56251.0410.3150.1970.4700.076
.6251.1720.3500.2190.5870.081
.751.4350.4190.2630.6330.086

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Hex Nut [Standard,Hardware]

BASIC Thread DIAFlat WidthThickness
.250.4380.219
.751.1250.641
.8751.3120.750
11.5000.859
1.1251.6880.96
1.251.8751.063
1.3752.0621.172
1.52.2501.281

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Lumber Sizes


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Nominal Size Actual Size  Weight / Foot **

1 X 3

 .75 X 2.5 0.47
1 X 4 .75 X 3.5 0.64
1 X 6 .75 X 5.5 1.00
1 X 8 .75 X 7.25 1.32
1 X 10 .75 X 9.25 1.69
1 X 12 .75 X 11.25 2.05
2 X 3 1.5 X 2.5 0.94
2 X 4 1.5 X 3.5 1.28
2 X 6 1.5 X 5.5 2.00
2 X 8 1.5 X 7.25 2.64
 2 X 10 1.5 X 9.25 3.37
2 X 12 1.5 X 11.25  4.10
2 X 14 1.5 X 13.25 4.83
3 X 3 2.5 X 2.5 1.52
3 X 4 2.5 X 3.5 2.13
 3 X 6 2.5 X 5.5 3.34
 3 X 8 2.5 X 7.25 4.41
3 X 10 2.5 X 9.25 5.62
3 X 12 2.5 X 11.25 6.84
3 X 14 2.5 X 13.25 8.05
3 X 16 2.5 X 15.25 9.27
4 X 4 3.5 X 3.5 2.98
4 X 6 3.5 X 5.5 4.68
4 X 8 3.5 X 7.25 6.17
4 X 10 3.5 X 9.25 7.78
4 X 12 3.5 X 11.25 9.57
4 X 14 3.5 X 13.25 11.28
4 X 16 3.5 X 15.25 12.98
6 X 6 5.5 X 5.5 7.35
6 X 8 5.5 X 7.5 10.03
6 X 10 5.5 X 9.5 12.70
6 X 12 5.5 X 11.5 15.37
6 X 14 5.5 X 13.5 18.05
6 X 16 5.5 X 15.5 20.72
6 X 18 5.5 X 17.5 23.29
8 X 8 7.5 X 7.5 13.67
8 X 10 7.5 X 9.5 17.32
8 X 12 7.5 X 11.5 20.96
8 X 14 7.5 X 13.5 24.61
8 X 16 7.5 X 15.5 28.26
8 X 18 7.5 X 17.5 31.90
10 X 10 9.5 X 8.5 21.94
10 X 12 9.5 X 11.5 26.55
10 X 14 9.5 X 13.5 31.17
10 X 16 9.5 X 15.5 35.79
10 X 18 9.5 X 17.5 40.41
12 X 12 11.5 X 11.5 32.14
12 X 14 11.5 X 13.5 37.73
12 X 16 11.5 X 15.5 43.33

WASHERS, STANDARD

NOMINAL_SIZEtypeInside_DiameterOutside_DiameterThickness
NO.0NARROW0.06800.12500.0250
NO.0REGULAR0.06800.18800.0250
NO.0WIDE0.06800.25000.0250
NO.1NARROW0.08400.15600.0250
NO.1REGULAR0.08400.21900.0250
NO.1WIDE0.08400.28100.0320
NO.2NARROW0.09400.18800.0250
NO.2REGULAR0.09400.25000.0320
NO.2WIDE0.09400.34400.0320
NO.3NARROW0.10900.21900.0250
NO.3REGULAR0.10900.31200.0320
NO.3WIDE0.10900.40600.0400
NO.4NARROW0.12500.25000.0320
NO.4REGULAR0.12500.37500.0400
NO.5NARROW0.14100.28100.0320
NO.5REGULAR0.14100.40600.0400
NO.5WIDE0.14100.50000.0400
NO.6NARROW0.15600.31200.0320
NO.6REGULAR0.15600.43800.0400
NO.6WIDE0.15600.56200.0400
NO.8NARROW0.18800.37500.0400
NO.8REGULAR0.18800.50000.0400
NO.8WIDE0.18800.62500.0630
NO.10NARROW0.20300.40600.0400
NO.10REGULAR0.20300.56200.0400
NO.10WIDE0.20300.73400.0630
NO.12NARROW0.23400.43800.0400
NO.12REGULAR0.23400.62500.0630
NO.12WIDE0.23400.87500.0630
.25NARROW0.28100.50000.0630
.25REGULAR0.28100.73400.0630
.25WIDE0.28101.00000.0630
.3125NARROW0.34400.62500.0630
.3125REGULAR0.34400.87500.0630
.3125WIDE0.34401.12500.0630
.375NARROW0.40600.73400.0630
.375REGULAR0.40601.00000.0630
.375WIDE0.40601.25000.1000
.4375NARROW0.46900.87500.0630
.4375REGULAR0.46901.12500.0630
.4375WIDE0.46901.46900.1000
.5NARROW0.53101.00000.0630
.5REGULAR0.53101.25000.1000
.5WIDE0.53101.75000.1000
.5625NARROW0.59401.12500.0630
.5625REGULAR0.59401.46900.1000
.5625WIDE0.59402.00000.1000
.625NARROW0.65601.25000.1000
.625REGULAR0.65601.75000.1000
.625WIDE0.65602.25000.1600
.75NARROW0.81201.37500.1000
.75REGULAR0.81202.00000.1000
.75WIDE0.81202.50000.1600
.875NARROW0.93801.46900.1000
.875REGULAR0.93802.25000.1600
.875WIDE0.93802.75000.1600
1NARROW1.06201.75000.1000
1REGULAR1.06202.50000.1600
1WIDE1.06203.00000.1600
1.125NARROW1.18802.00000.1000
1.125REGULAR1.18802.75000.1600
1.125WIDE1.18803.25000.1600
1.25NARROW1.31202.25000.1600
1.25REGULAR1.31203.00000.1600
1.25WIDE1.31203.50000.2500
1.375NARROW1.43802.50000.1600
1.375REGULAR1.43803.25000.1600
1.375WIDE1.43803.75000.2500
1.5NARROW1.56202.75000.1600
1.5REGULAR1.56203.50000.2500
1.5WIDE1.56204.00000.2500
1.625NARROW1.75003.00000.1600
1.625REGULAR1.75003.75000.2500
1.625WIDE1.75004.25000.2500
1.75NARROW1.87503.25000.1600
1.75REGULAR1.87504.00000.2500
1.75WIDE1.87504.50000.2500
1.875NARROW2.00003.50000.2500
1.875REGULAR2.00004.25000.2500
1.875WIDE2.00004.75000.2500
2NARROW2.12503.75000.2500
2REGULAR2.12504.50000.2500
2WIDE2.12505.00000.2500
2.25NARROW2.37504.00000.2500
2.25REGULAR2.37505.00000.2500
2.25WIDE2.37505.50000.3750
2.5NARROW2.62504.50000.2500
2.5REGULAR2.62505.50000.3750
2.5WIDE2.62506.00000.3750
2.75NARROW2.87505.00000.2500
2.75REGULAR2.87506.00000.3750
2.75WIDE2.87506.50000.3750
3NARROW3.12505.50000.3750
3REGULAR3.12506.50000.3750
3WIDE3.12507.00000.3750

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Pan Head Screw Tolerance

The following are medium fits.  These fits have been calculated using the Fixed Fastener case and are line to line in worst case misalignment and size departure.

SIZE HEAD
HEIGHT		 TAPPED HOLE
POSITION TOL
 CLEARANCE HOLE
DIA. TOL. LIMITS		 HOLE POSITIONAL TOLERANCE
 HEAD DIAMETER C'BORE DIA.
TOLERANCE LIMITS
.060-80
#0		 .038 .010 .081
.076		 .006 .116 .178
.162
.086-56/64
#2		 .053 .012 .112
.105		 .007 .167 .232
.210
.112-40/48
#4		 .068 .016 .150
.142		 .014 .219 .295
.273
.138-32/40
#6		 .082 .022 .185
.174		 .014 .270 .354
.330
.164-32/36
#8		 .096 .024 .214
.202		 .014 .322 .406
.382
.190-24/32
#10		 .110 .028 .252
.236		 .018 .373 .465
.441
.250-20/28 .144 .028 .312
.296		 .018 .492 .562
.538
.3125-18/24 .178 .030 .381
.365		 .022 .615 .689
.672
.375-16/24 .212 .030 .443
.427		 .022 .740 .816
.797

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TORQUE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

The first requirement in determining the amount of torque to apply is a knowledge of the desired bolt stress. This stress based on the yield strength of the bolt material. It is recommended that the induced stress not be allowed to exceed 80% of the yield strength. In the design of a fastener application which will be subject to external loading, whether static or dynamic, it will be necessary to establish bolt size and allowable stress in accordance with current engineering practice.

T = Torque required (inch pounds)
F = Bolt tension desired (Axial Load) (pounds).
D = Nominal bolt diameter. (major dia.)
EQUATION: T = .2 D F

This relationship is based on the assumption that  regular series nuts and bolts with rolled threads are used, acting on surfaces without lubrication.  

The following suggested tightening torques provide an starting point for determining torque requirements. Remember to vary these numbers somewhat based on the individual joint or the amount of fastener lubrication.

This table is the suggested maximum torque values for threaded products and is only a guide.


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Torque Values = inch-lbs   

Bolt Size 18-8 Stainless Steel  Brass Aluminum 2024-T4 316 Stainless Steel Nylon
2 - 56 2.5 2.0 1.4 2.6 0.44
4 - 40 5.2 4.3 2.9 5.5 1.19
4 - 48 6.6 5.4 3.6 6.9  
6 - 32 9.6 7.9 5.3 10.1 2.14
6 - 40 12.1 9.9 6.6 12.7  
8 - 32 19.8 16.2 10.8 20.7 4.30
8 - 36 22.0 18.0 12.0 23.0  
10 - 24 22.8 18.6 13.8 23.8 6.61
10 - 32 31.7 25.9 19.2 33.1 8.20
1/4" - 20 75.2 61.5 45.6 78.8 16.00
1/4" - 28 94.0 77.0 57.0 99.0 20.80
5/16" - 18 132.0 107.0 80.0 138.0 34.90
5/16" - 24 142.0 116.0 86.0 147.0  
3/8" - 16 236.0 192.0 143.0 247.0  
3-8" - 24 259.0 212.0 157.0 271.0  
7/16" - 14 376.0 317.0 228.0 393.0  
7/16" - 20 400.0 357.0 242.0 418.0  
1/2" - 13 517.0 422.0 313.0 542.0  
1/2" - 20 541.0 443.0 328.0 565.0  
9/16" - 12 682.0 558.0 413.0 713.0  
9/16" - 18 752.0 615.0 456.0 787.0  
5/8" - 11 1110.0 907.0 715.0 1160.0  
5/8" - 18 1244.0 1016.0 798.0 1301.0  
3/4" - 10 1530.0 1249.0 980.0 1582.0  
3/4" - 16 1490.0 1220.0 958.0 1558.0  
7/8" - 9 2328.0 1905.0 1495.0 2430.0  
7/8" - 14 2318.0 1895.0 1490.0 2420.0  
1" - 8 3440.0 2815.0 2205.0 3595.0  
1"- 14 3110.0 2545.0 1995.0 3250.0  

Torque Values = FT - lbs   

Bolt Size Inches Coarse Thread/ inch SAE 0-1-2 74,000 psi Low Carbon Steel SAE Grade 3 100,000 psi Med Carbon Steel SAE Grade 5 120,000 psi Med. Carbon Heat T. Steel SAE Grade 6 133,000 psi Med. Carbon Temp. Steel SAE Grade 7 133,000 psi Med. Carbon Alloy Steel SAE Grade 8 150,000 psi Med Carbon Alloy Steel
1/4 20 6 9 10 12.5 13 14
5/16 18 12 17 19 24 25 29
3/8 16 20 30 33 43 44 47
7/16 14 32 47 54 69 71 78
1/2 13 47 69 78 106 110 119
9/16 12 69 103 114 150 154 169
5/8 11 96 145 154 209 215 230
3/4 10 155 234 257 350 360 380
7/8 9 206 372 382 550 570 600
1 8 310 551 587 825 840 700
1-1/8 7 480 872 794 1304 1325 1430
1-1/4 7 375 1211 1105 1815 1825 1975
1-3/8 6 900 1624 1500 2434 2500 2650
1-1/2 6 1100 1943 1775 2913 3000 3200
1-5/8 5.5 1470 2660 2425 3985 4000 4400
1-3/4 5 1900 3463 3150 5189 5300 5650
1-7/8 5 2360 4695 4200 6980 7000 7600
2 4.5 2750 5427 4550 7491 7500 8200

Torque Conversion Table

  dyne-cm gm-cm oz-in. Kg-cm lb-in. N-m lb-ft Kg-m
dyne-cm 1 1.019x10-3 1.416x10-5 1.0197x10-6 8.850x10-7 10-7 7.375x10-8 1.019x10-8
gm-cm 980.665 1 1.388x10-2 10-3 8.679x10-4 9.806x10-5 7.233x10-5